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linux commands pdf (files & Directories, zip & unzip process, search etc)


linux commands pdf

Unix/Linux Command Reference  (also read mysql commands pdf

linux commands in pdf

Linux File Commands

1.

ls

Directory listing

2.

ls -al

Formatted listing with hidden files

3.

ls -lt

Sorting the Formatted listing by time modification

4.

cd dir

Change directory to dir

5.

cd

Change to home directory

6.

pwd

Show current working directory

7.

mkdir dir

Creating a directory dir

8.

cat >file

Places the standard input into the file

9.

more file

Output the contents of the file

10.

head file

Output the first 10 lines of the file

11.

tail file

Output the last 10 lines of the file

12.

tail -f file

Output the contents of file as it grows,starting with the last 10 lines

13.

touch file

Create or update file

14.

rm file

Deleting the file

15.

rm -r dir

Deleting the directory

16.

rm -f file

Force to remove the file

17.

rm -rf dir

Force to remove the directory dir

18.

cp file1 file2

Copy the contents of file1 to file2

19.

cp -r dir1 dir2

Copy dir1 to dir2;create dir2 if not present

20.

mv file1 file2

Rename or move file1 to file2,if file2 is an existing directory

21.

ln -s file link

Create symbolic link link to file

Linux Process management Commands

1.

ps

To display the currently working processes

2.

top

Display all running process

3.

kill pid

Kill the process with given pid

4.

killall proc

Kill all the process named proc

5.

pkill pattern

Will kill all processes matching the pattern

6.

bg

List stopped or background jobs,resume a stopped job in the background

7.

fg

Brings the most recent job to foreground

8.

fg n

Brings job n to the foreground

File permission

1.

chmod octal file

Change the permission of file to octal,which can be found separately for user,group,world by adding,

  • 4-read(r)

  • 2-write(w)

  • 1-execute(x)

Searching

1.

grep pattern file

Search for pattern in file

2.

grep -r pattern dir

Search recursively for pattern in dir

3.

command | grep pattern

Search pattern in the output of a command

4.

locate file

Find all instances of file

5.

find . -name filename

Searches in the current directory (represented by a period) and below it, for files and directories with names starting with filename

6.

pgrep pattern

Searches for all the named processes , that matches with the pattern and, by default, returns their ID

linux System Info commands

1.

date

Show the current date and time

2.

cal

Show this month’s calender

3.

uptime

Show current uptime

4.

w

Display who is on line

5.

whoami

Who you are logged in as

6.

finger user

Display information about user

7.

uname -a

Show kernel information

8.

cat /proc/cpuinfo

Cpu information

9.

cat proc/meminfo

Memory information

10.

man command

Show the manual for command

11.

df

Show the disk usage

12.

du

Show directory space usage

13.

free

Show memory and swap usage

14.

whereis app

Show possible locations of app

15.

which app

Show which applications will be run by default

linux zip  & unzip Compression commands

1.

tar cf file.tar file

Create tar named file.tar containing file

2.

tar xf file.tar

Extract the files from file.tar

3.

tar czf file.tar.gz files

Create a tar with Gzip compression

4.

tar xzf file.tar.gz

Extract a tar using Gzip

5.

tar cjf file.tar.bz2

Create tar with Bzip2 compression

6.

tar xjf file.tar.bz2

Extract a tar using Bzip2

7.

gzip file

Compresses file and renames it to file.gz

8.

gzip -d file.gz

Decompresses file.gz back to file

linux Network commands

1.

ping host

Ping host and output results

2.

whois domain

Get whois information for domains

3.

dig domain

Get DNS information for domain

4.

dig -x host

Reverse lookup host

5.

wget file

Download file

6.

wget -c file

Continue a stopped download

linux Shortcut commands

1.

ctrl+c

Halts the current command

2.

ctrl+z

Stops the current command, resume with fg in the foreground or bg in the background

3.

ctrl+d

Logout the current session, similar to exit

4.

ctrl+w

Erases one word in the current line

5.

ctrl+u

Erases the whole line

6.

ctrl+r

Type to bring up a recent command

7.

!!

Repeats the last command

8.

exit

Logout the current session

    Linux Installation commands

Install from source:
./configure
make
make install
dpkg -i pkg.deb – install a package (Debian & ubuntu)
rpm -Uvh pkg.rpm – install a package (RPM) (centos,fedora, redhat families)

  1. Grep
  2. lsof
  3. IPtables & UFW
  4. Editors Nano & vim cat editor
  5. ZIp & tar
  6. CP & Mv (Copying & Moving files creating & deleting directories)
  7. mysqldump export  & import commands
  8. chmod & chown commands Linux PUTTY Commands
 for debian & ubuntu apt-get f remaining fedora,centos, redhat uses yum repository
Linux commands related Apcher server

service apache2 Restart  for apache 2.4
service apache2 Reload  (not restarts the server just reloads the configuration file)
apachectl configtest  (checks the syntax errors to avoid startup failure)

for old version of apache just replace httpd with apache2 or apache.
More commands on apache page. enable disable modules, vim editor & nano editor etc.

Login:
To change directories: cd /path/to/your/directory
To delete a file: rm filename
To delete a directory: rm -rf directoryname
To unzip a zip file: unzip filename
To unzip a tar.gz file: tar -xvzf filename
To zip a file: don't know - try "man zip"
To change up one directory: cd ..
two directories: cd ../..
For listing Folders....
use "ls" instead of "dir"

For Entering into Directory..
cd folder_name

For going back to root...
cd

for going back one step...
cd ..
To delete a whole folder and its content recursively, you can use:

rm -rf foldername/


To delete all files/folders in the current directory, without deleting the directory itself, you would need to use:

rm -rf *

Navigating directories
cd

…change directory, method used for moving from one folder to another.

cd foldername/foldername2

…would take you to foldername2.

cd ..

…moves up one directory.

cd /

…moves you to root.

pwd

…prints to console your present working directory – where you currently are.

List contents
ls

…list contents of current directory.

ls -l

…shows long format inc. group owner, size, date modified, permissions.

ls -a

…shows ALL files inc. hidden files.

ls -R

…lists contents of sub directories recursively.

ls -la

…the above options can be used at the same time.

ls foldername/foldername

…list items in folder without actually moving to it.

Creating files and directories/folders
touch file.html

…use the touch command to create files.

rm file.html

…use the rm command to remove a file.

mkdir myfolder

…use the mkdir command to create a new directory/folder.

rmdir myfolder

…use the rmdir command to remove a directory/folder, folder must be empty.

mv folder1/file.html folder2/file.html

…use the mv command to move a file. Can also be used to rename a file.

Compressing and backing up files and folders
zip -r foo.zip foo/

…compress the folder ‘foo’ and all of its contents into a zip file called ‘foo.zip’.

zip foo.zip foo.html

…compress the file’foo.html’ into a zip file called ‘foo.zip’.

File and directory/folder permissions and ownership
chmod 755 file.html

…changes the file.html file permissions, same for a folder.

chmod -r 755 myfolder

…changes permissions for that folder and all folders and files inside it recursively.

Here are the chmod octal numeric values

700: only owner can read
755: everyone can read but not write
775: only group can read and write
770: no-one but group can read
666: everyone can read and write
1777: everyone can read,write,execute

chown user:myself file.html

…changes the ownership of file.html to the user called ‘myself’.


check disk space linux
  • df
  • du disk used
  • df -h
Vim Editor commands
Exit :q
vi editor save and quit command
o get into it, press Esc and then : (the colon). The cursor will go to the bottom of the screen at a colon prompt. Write your file by entering: w and quit by entering, :q. You can combine these to save and exit by entering the command: wq
vim editor exit without saving
:q!
or crtc+c  :q!
sudo nano /etc/apache2/mods-available/evasive.conf
CTRL+W to find, CTRL+X = exit with save type yes or no.

Related topics:

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  3. Top 10 zip / tar commands to compress & extract files in linux
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